The Effects of Climate Change on Rice Yield of Pampanga

Camille Anne U. Lacap and Lenie G. Magat

This study aims to analyze the effects of climate change on rice yield of Pampanga. The climate and yield used was for a period of 20 years between 1998 to 2017.  Descriptive and inferential methods of research were utilized. The rice production in Pampanga showed an increasing trend within the 20 year period. The irrigated rice comprised 97% of the total rice yield while the remaining 3% came from rainfed rice. The correlation of rice yield vs. rainfall and temperature was also examined. It was found out that there is a no significant relationship between rice yield and temperature. While the relationship of rain fall and rice yield is inverse and significant. Taking into account the monthly averages of rainfall and temperature as well as the climatic needs of the different stages of development of rice, a new cropping calendar was proposed. The current cropping calendar is proposed to be moved one month forward so that the ripening phase which is susceptible to excess rainfall will be move to a month where less amount of rain is expected. The results of this research will be communicated to the farmers of Pampanga once approved and examined by the concern government agencies.

Risk Analysis of Existence of Epidemic Diseases in the Towns of Pampanga

Luvilyn D. Barroga and Ivy Gay O. Salvador

The objective of this study was to analyse the factors affecting the existence of epidemic diseases in Pampanga.
The researcher made use of descriptive and inferential methods of research. Results showed that there is a significant difference among the towns of Pampanga in terms of Dengue, Influenza, Leptospirosis and Measles incidences. Moreover, there is no significant difference among months in terms of the occurrence of influenza and measles. However, significant difference was found among months in terms of the occurrences of dengue and leptospirosis. On the other hand, no significant difference was found between the occurrences of influenza incidence on different years. Meanwhile, there is a significant difference among years in terms of the occurrence of dengue, leptospirosis and measles incidence. Also, the researcher found out that Angeles City, Mabalacat City, and City of San Fernando are the most prominent areas in terms of the epidemic diseases. Moreover, rainfall is a significant predictor of influenza and leptospirosis incidence while population significantly predicts dengue, influenza and measles incidence.
The study recommends the conduct of further researches on other factors that may affect the occurrence of different diseases in Pampanga and propose preventive measures and risk management activities on these diseases.

Mathematical Concepts in Table Skirting Designs

Rachel Joy P. Bulaun, Jocell D. Calma, and Fernan I. Camara

The main objective of the study was to find mathematical concepts in table skirting designs and to create table skirting designs using different mathematical functions. Symmetry, tessellation, geometric figures and functions were found on five existing table skirting design.
Descriptive research showed that the existing designs have reflection symmetry, linear, absolute value, quadratic, cosine and exponential functions with one design of regular tessellation. On the other hand, five proposed table skirting designs were executed by an expert using linear function, absolute value function, quadratic function, cosine function and reciprocal function. Using a graphing calculator, the equations of the functions approximately determined. Moreover, it was also found that the length of table cloth was related to the table length and number and length of pleats.

Path Analysis Model of Mortality Rate in Pampanga

John Nickol A. Camaya and Jessie H. Licup

The objective of the study is to describe the mortality and the mortality rate in Pampanga from 2006-2015 and forecast using multiple linear regression. The researcher describes the population and mortality in terms of sex, city/towns, cause of death and age. Path Analysis was utilized in order to find relationships between variables of interest. The researcher used descriptive-expository type of research in this study. The descriptive part was used to analyse the population, mortality and mortality rate while the expository part was used to explain the predictors of mortality rate and determining the relationships between sex, city/towns, cause of death and age using regression. The results showed that population has continuously rising, the mortality rate is moving inconsistently, and males have higher mortality, Angeles City have the highest mortality, the primary cause of death is heart diseases, 70 years and above have the highest mortality. The significant predictors of mortality rate are heart diseases, Intestinal Infections, Congenital Anomalies and Ages 70 years and above. In the path analysis model, town and cause of death has a strong direct effect towards age also they have a strong correlation which indirectly affects their relationship towards age.

Proposed Technique and Program in Making Iris folding Art Template

Buddy S. Canlas and Jocell D. Calma

The main objective of the study was to develop a technique and program in making Iris Folding Art template. Descriptive methods of research shows that the proposed technique could solve the area of triangle strips formed in an Iris Folding Art. Trigonometric theorems were used in proving the technique. Using Geogebra, this technique were program in making an application for designing an Iris Folding Art template. The length and area of the triangle strips with limited side of a regular polygon can be obtained from the program. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended that there may develop other formula using irregular polygons in making Iris Folding Art template. Moreover, future researchers can also used the proposed technique in finding the measurement of different forms of art with different polygons.

Permutation and Graphical Representation of Functions in Paracord Bracelets

King Emerald Cunanan and Jessie H. Licup

The general objective of this study was to describe and apply mathematical concept on paracord bracelets making. Specifically, it sought to determine the functions and permutation present on five (5) existing paracord bracelet design and make new designs using the findings from the existing designs.
This study used a descriptive-expository research design. The researcher downloaded five video tutorials on making the five existing paracord bracelet designs and analyzed the functions and permutations present in them. The functions present in the existing designs are linear functions, sine functions, tangent functions and cosine-inverse functions.
The new designs were conceptualized through the findings from the existing designs. In addition, modular arithmetic was also incorporated in-depth analysis of the existing and new design of paracord bracelets.

Evaluation of Tropical Cyclone Risk in Pampanga

Geraldine C. Fabian and Alvin M. Supan

The main objective of this study was to conduct a tropical cyclone risk map in the province of Pampanga to visualize the towns that will be at high risk. The researcher aims to raise awareness among the community and give perception to the assigned local government unit regarding the risk profile of each town based on tropical cyclone.
The researcher used the software Quantum Geographic Information System in conducting the maps. Results showed that risk and actual impacts were comparable. The towns who were exposed tends to have high in affected population, those who were vulnerable tends to have high in damage houses and casualties, and those who have a lowland and coastal classification tends to have high in actual impacts. Based on the the graphs, there were decreasing pattern in terms of typhoon damages. It implies that we are becoming more resilient as the year comes. The poverty incidence was a best predictor of damage houses.
Based on the results, the researcher recommends to the Pampanga Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council to conduct a seminar on raising an awareness to every individual regarding how high the impact of poverty on the damages of tropical cyclone in the province.

Mathematical Analysis on Butterflies

Ivy Joyce L. Manguil, Jocell D. Calma, and Nathaniel B. Supan

The study aimed to mathematically analyze different species of butterflies that were collected at Agroforestry of Pampanga State Agricultural University. Using a Vernier caliper, twelve samples of butterflies were measured their body and wing part to find if there is a presence of golden ratio and the percentage of symmetrical on wings. Also, a microscope was used to analyze the butterflies’ scale shape, dimension and color. Descriptive method of research showed that there is a small percentage of difference between the butterfly wings, but golden proportions were minimal. Moreover, there were similarities on scale color, scale dimensions and shape on every family of butterfly. Interestingly, results showed uniqueness for each family (Papilionidae, Pieridae and Nymphalidae) that can be used for species identification.

A Proposed Mathematical Cladogram of Colubrids Snakes Collected at Mt. Arayat

Nathalia S. Manicdao, Aiza D. Villavicencio, and Nathaniel B. Supan

The main objective of this study was to propose a Mathematical Cladogram with the use of mathematical concepts to be applied in snakes’ scales as basis on the identification of the snakes’ species. The researcher used five specimen under the family calubridae, three were Lycodon capucinus, one Oligodon ancorus and one Pytas luzonensis. These specimens were collected at Mt. Arayat. The researcher used magnifying glass, digital microscope, calliper and DSLR camera as instruments in this study. Irregular pentagon and irregular hexagon shapes of the scales were present in the Dorsal head of the snakes while number pattern, color pattern and tessellation appeared in the dorsal body. These mathematical concepts were used to create the Mathematical Cladogram of Colubrids Snakes. Based on the acquired results, the researcher recommends the use other genus colubridae as specimen and to validate the proposed Mathematical cladogram of scales using genetic phylogeny taxonomic classification to know whether cladogram can also be used as a basis to know their evolution.

Permutations and Modular Arithmetic on Shoe Lacing Designs

Ara Mae T. Mercado and Jessie H. Licup

The primary objective of the study was to describe the permutations and functions on the 15 existing shoe lacing designs. The researcher also developed 15 new shoe lacing designs through the use of the mathematical concept modular arithmetic. The study used descriptive research for the description of the mathematical concepts that were found and applied in the shoe lacing designs. The researcher reviewed the previous studies and literature regarding different applications and different kinds of shoe lacing designs. In addition to this, researchers utilized videos and shoe lacing application for better understanding. Afterwards, the researcher analyzed the procedures on making shoe lacing designs and discover the permutations and functions that are presented on the shoe lacing designs. The functions that are present on the existing shoe lacing designs are map one-to-one. Thereafter, 15 new designs were made through the use of the concept modular arithmetic.

Optimization Model of Breads Production

Anna Denise D. Miranda and Ivy Gay O. Salvador

Business industry has been around for many centuries. One example of manufacturing business is a bakery wherein they buy raw materials to produce breads which will be sold to their customers. The objective of the study is to find the quantity of breads to be produced for the months of June to October to help the owners of a small bakery found in Sta. Lucia Resettlement Magalang, Pampanga in obtaining their optimum profit.
The researcher used descriptive – expository type of research in this study. Traditional solving, Excel Solver and AMPL software were used in solving the mathematical model. The researcher used twenty-five (25) different types of bread for her variables, selling price and production cost for her objective function and, number of production days and daily demand for her constraints. The study obtained an optimum (maximum) profit of ₱67,192.40, ₱69,721.08, ₱71,385.16, ₱67,156.70 and ₱70,932.25 respectively for the months of June to October with a total amount of ₱346,387.59. Based on the acquired results, the researcher recommends that other researchers develop a mathematical model of breads productions considering the oven capacity and allotted budget of the bakery. Other researchers may also use other programming software in solving the mathematical model.

Impact of Climate Change in Volume of Fish Production in Pampanga

Doneth C. Pineda and Lenie G. Magat

The study was aimed to know the effects of climate change in volume of fish production in Pampanga using the data gathered in Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), San Fernando, Pampanga and Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), Clark, Pampanga. The researcher run the collected data in SPSS with the tool of correlation. The results showed that implies moderately and not significant relationship between temperature and volume of fish production in Pampanga. The results between rainfall and volume of fish production in Pampanga implies inversely but not significant relationship. The researcher used also the EXCEL to make a line trend, bar graph and pie graph to present the collected data. The researcher found out the results of annual volume of fish production in Pampanga is increasing. As shown in quarterly volume of fish production the best quarter for harvesting is one in Pampanga. With the help of the study of Odhiambo (2015) and other sources, the researcher observed that the volume of fish production in Pampanga is increasing for the past 16 years and found out that there is no significant relationship between the temperature, rainfall and volume o fish production in Pampanga.

A Proposed Puzzle and Program of Hidaken

Gizelle Y. Ramirez and Aiza D. Villavicencio

The main objective of this study was to develop a new logic puzzle in a form of a game. The goal of the study is to create a puzzle and program that can contribute to students who are taking up Mathematics in the Modern World subject. This study aimed to answer the following questions: How may the proposed puzzle and program be developed? What is the proposed puzzle and program? How may the evaluation of the respondents on the proposed program be described in terms of acceptability, usability, accuracy, and performance. The study is descriptive-expository research. The rule of the puzzle is to fill the grid with consecutive numbers that are connected horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. There are cages with target number accompanied by an arithmetic operation. The cages are with the same color. Four Color Theorem and Visual Studio were used by the researcher to develop the proposed puzzle and program. The puzzle is called Hidaken Puzzle. Convenience sampling was used for the evaluation of the study. The respondents were the first year students of College of Arts and Sciences, Pampanga State Agricultural University, PAC, Magalang, Pampanga.

Application of Group Cayley Tables in Mosaic Tiling

Joel C. Sanchez and Aldrin P. Mendoza

Creating an artwork is something that will express your thoughts, feelings and improve your skills. The main objective of the study was to apply and identify mathematical concepts in mosaic tiling made of perler beads. It aimed to: design the elements of group structure using transformation, apply the group of cayley tables in mosaic tiling, and identify the geometrical concepts in the study in terms of polygons, symmetry, and tessellations. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher found out that there is Mathematics behind mosaic art. Transformation was used to develop the designs of the elements. Group of cayle, Tiling y tables can be applied in constructing a mosaic design by replacing the elements to the corresponding designs and colors to generate new designs of the mosaic. Also, it can obtain symmetrical objects, tessellations, and other geometric concepts. It sought to increase the awareness of its readers that mathematics is everywhere and it can applied in any form of art.

Modeling Biogas Production from Kitchen Household Waste

Mary Nicole R. Sinamban and Aldrin P. Mendoza

This paper aims to model the Biogas Production from Kitchen Household Waste. Biogas is a sustainable alternative for fossils fuels. This also provides solution to bio wastes. There are various designs for the efficient production of biogas. Majority of biogas generation units use animal wastes as feed material. The biogas production obeys the law of natural growth which is modeled by the Differential Equation dx/dt=kx with general solution of x=ce^kt. The study showed that the generated models of the three (3) digester comparable to the actual biogas production. The particular solution was solve using the separated variables and using the generic code for ordinary Differential equation in SCILAB version 5.5.2. The paired sample T-test was used to test the difference between the generated models and the actual biogas produced. The study centered to the modeling of the biogas production.

Temperature and Drought Impacts on Maize Production in Pampanga

John Fresley R. Supan and Lenie G. Magat

The main objective of this study was to analyze and describe the drought and temperature impacts on maize production in Pampanga. The researcher aims to increase the awareness of the farmers of Pampanga about the effect of drought and temperature to corn production. The researcher used descriptive and inferential methods of research. The results of the study showed that there are changes in monthly and annual temperature, drought, rainfall, and corn production. The researcher found out that the results in corn production of Pampanga is positively increasing. The number of tons of corn that were produced are expanding. There is a low and significant relationship between corn production vs. drought, rainfall and temperature. Equations are also generated using linear regression. The total contribution of these variables to the overall corn production is found to be minimal. Based on the gathered data for the monthly average of rainfall, and temperature profile of Pampanga, the researcher proposed a cropping calendar shows that the best months to start planting corn are the months of November to March. Harvesting period can then be done from the month of February to June.

Route Optimization of the Renowned Churches in Pampanga

Jenilyn D. Taboga and Alvin M. Supan

Traveling is a learning experience. The youth especially, loves to travel – to explore beautiful sceneries and experience unique cultures.
The objective of the study is to formulate a path that optimizes the travel distance, time and fare using greedy algorithm and edge picking algorithm. The researcher used descriptive-expository type of research. The descriptive part was used to analyze the graph made on the map of Pampanga while the expository part was used to apply greedy algorithm and edge picking algorithm in determining the optimized solutions in terms of distance, time and fare. The study produced 21 different optimized paths with different starting church and same end church which is St. Michael the Archangel Parish Church. The obtained optimized distance is 189.3 km making St. Catherine of Alexandria Parish Church as the starting church. In terms of time, San Pedro Apostol Parish Church got a minimum time of 492 min and the fare from Sta. Monica Parish Church in Minalin, Pampanga is 486 pesos. Based on the results drawn, the researcher recommends this study to the commuters who would like to visit the different renowned churches in Pampanga. A program can also be developed to generate the optimized routes.

Proposed Program of Simulated Fractals

Nicolas Karl T. Torres II and Ivy Gay O. Salvador

Fractals are one of the most interesting topics that link mathematics to art. A fractal is a non-regular geometric shape that has the same degree of non-regularity on all scales and can be thought of as never-ending patterns. The researcher aimed to develop different equations and designs of fractals and construct a program in simulating these fractals. The researcher used descriptive-expository in this study. The descriptive part was used in the evaluation of the programs and the expository was used in the development of the proposed program. The researcher used Processing Environment 3.4 and Java language in programming the developed fractals while Adobe Bracket 1.8 was used in developing a website for the fractal programs. The researcher developed 2 Fractal Trees, 3 Fractal Cubes, 1 Fractal Ellipse, 2 Fractal Spirographs, and 1 Fractal Sphere. The developed programs and website were given a rating of good. The study recommends the development of other fractal designs and equations as well as the combination of different kinds of fractals to create more unique designs. Future researchers can also develop a Graphical User Interface application for the developed fractals.

Mathematics in Modulo Art Making

Jonathan A. Trasga and Alvin M. Supan

Modular Arithmetic is a form of integer arithmetic in which all integers which have the same remainder when divided by a given natural number called the modulus. The researcher developed an equation and string art designs also construct a program in simulating these designs. The researcher made to use the descriptive and application type of research. The researcher explains and discussed how were the modular arithmetic, symmetry, and transformation applied to form a string art. The researcher developed 15 designs of string art in geogebra software. The study recommends the development of other formula and designs in making modulo art. Other researchers can also use other software in creating string art designs.